Federated networks in England and Australia cricket: a model of economic dependency and financial insecurity

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to critically examine the financial health and performance of the English and Australian cricket networks. This includes the county cricket clubs (CCC) and state and territory cricket associations (STCA) affiliated to the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) and Cricket Australia (CA) respectively, as well as the ECB and CA themselves. The authors apply resource dependency theory to understand if there are any financial dependencies within the networks of cricket in England and Australia.Design/methodology/approachThe data for this research was obtained from the financial statements of the ECB, the 18 affiliated CCCs, CA and the six affiliated STCAs. This sample covers the last 5 years of financial information (2014–2019) for all the organisations at the time of writing. Ratio analysis was conducted on all organisations within the sample to assess financial health and performance.FindingsBoth CCCs and STCAs show signs of poor financial health. There is a clear dependence on the financial support they receive from the ECB and CA respectively and this dependence appears more prominent in Australia. The ECB and CA have better financial health which ultimately allows them to financially support the CCCs and STCAs.Originality/valueThe ECB and CA are facing difficult financial decisions to remain financially secure themselves due to the impact of COVID-19 but also to support their affiliated clubs. The affiliated clubs do not generate sufficient revenues and must diversity their revenue streams if they are to become financially self-sustaining. This financial structure and distribution mechanism will be vital in safeguarding the future of some of England's and Australia's most important cricket organisations.

COVID-19: Exacerbating Pakistan's economic problems – a critical analysis using the dependency paradigm

Pandemics have been a recurrent phenomenon throughout the course of history. However, the levels of fear and hysteria brought by the COVID-19 outbreak, forcing regimes across the globe to impose stringent lockdowns, had never been witnessed before. While these lockdowns proved beneficial in reducing both the infection and mortality rate, they created an impossible environment for governments across the globe to effectively and efficiently govern, which in turn gave birth to numerous economic challenges, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. In Pakistan, where the common person was already finding it very difficult to makes ends meet, the pandemic incurred tremendous economic hardships like unemployment, poverty and decline in per capita income. Consequently, Pakistan's economy struggled as it experienced a negative economic growth rate, inflation and a significant reduction in exports. As a by-product of the economic crunch, the flawed Pakistani governance system came under the spotlight, as it found itself struggling to tackle the day-by-day worsening situation. Strikingly, due to the infamous longstanding province–centre rift, Pakistan was neither able to promulgate an effective unified lockdown strategy nor to provide basic necessities to its citizens. This article analyses the governance and economic problems faced by Pakistan due to the COVID-19 outbreak from the prism of the dependency paradigm, which highlights the exploitative nature of developed–developing/underdeveloped states. Also, it provides policy prescriptions to strengthen Pakistan's economic system to deter future pandemics. © The Author(s) 2023.

The contingency effects of dependence relationship on supply chain information sharing and agility

Purpose: Supply chain agility (SCA) is the primary strategy for reducing impacts and quick recovery when supply chains experience a disruption risk, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study will investigate how SCA can be achieved through supply chain information sharing (SCIS) under the different dependence relationships (DR) with suppliers or customers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this issue. Design/methodology/approach: Based on information process and resource dependency theories, this study constructs and empirically tests a proposed model of the relationships amongst the three dimensions of SCIS and the two areas of SCA and the contingency effects of two types of DR on those relationships. Using a dataset collected from 400 manufacturers in China, the authors tested this theoretical model using multi-group and structural path analysis. Findings: The results of the structural path and multi-group analyses show that (1) all dimensions of SCIS are positively correlated with both areas of SCA and (2) dependence on the supplier and dependence on the customer have completely different impacts on the relationship between SCIS and SCA. Originality/value: This study can improve the understanding of the multidimensional concepts of SCIS and SCA and relationships between them under two different DR conditions in the Chinese manufacturing setting. It contributes to IS and the SCA literature and provides theoretically driven and empirical explanations for the diverse dynamics between the dependence on the supplier and customer. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Getting back into the swing of things: The adaptive path of purchasing and supply management in enhancing supply chain resilience

The COVID-19 crisis posed significant challenges to global supply chains (SCs) and exposed their vulnerability to disruption. As SCs have evolved into complex structures comprising a multitude of globally dispersed companies that collaborate closely with one another, purchasing and supply management (PSM) have played a key role in addressing the crisis. The existing PSM measures for increasing supply chain resilience (SCRES) were stress tested and it became evident that these methods are applicable only to a limited extent due to their static perspective and their lack of a network character. Thus, this paper examines the role of PSM by identifying implemented response measures. By conducting 40 semi-structured interviews with experts from original equipment manu-facturers and first-tier suppliers in the German automotive industry, a comprehensive overview of the industry was obtained. To reflect the network nature of the industry and the adaptive path of PSM, the data analysis is framed by resource dependence theory and the adaptive cycle approach. The results of the study are 25 response measures of PSM to enhance SCRES, categorized into three waves of measures: initial measures upon the occurrence of the disruption, temporary measures during the disruption, and post-disruption measures. In this way, the study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating that PSM takes on a major role in increasing resilience by implementing diverse response measures. In addition, the study shows that PSM follows the path of an adaptive cycle, and that after the disruption and the initial and temporary measures, PSM adapts, which is reflected in the post-disruption measures. For practitioners, the study provides a list of response measures to increase resilience that can be used to review existing measures or implement new ones.

Ruling Abstractions and Unruly Spaces

Olga Tokarczuk, The Book of Jacob A character in Olga Tokarczuk's magnificent novel The Book of Jacob refers to the time that is "not yet" historical;a time that is, in some ways, frozen, and as such excluded from the developmentalist and civilizationist historical narratives. Since its inception, the world-systems perspective has been concerned with the problem of historical time. In world-systems analysis, time and space are seen as substantive properties of social relations, and the network of relations that comprises the capitalist world economy produces its own temporal spatial and temporal configurations. [...]Çaǧrı Ídiman in the second part of his essay on Tributary World-Ecologies, brings into sharper historical relief the distinctive element of capitalist worldecology, distinguished from other world-ecologies by simultaneous transformation of productive relation and mode of appropriation of labor and nature.

Brazilian Foreign Policy under J. Bolsonaro: Paradigm Shift?

Brazilian diplomatic tradition implies its becoming a power with global interests. When Jair Bolsonaro, a right-wing conservative president and retired military officer, came to power, he has dramatically changed foreign policy of the country by abandoning great power ambitions in defiance of national interests, which became apparent during the coronavirus crisis. The author views theories underlying Brazil’s foreign policy, as well as its main diplomatic principles. Furthermore, it is shown how they work in practice with the help of such methods as case-study and comparison. The author concludes that most of Bolsonaro’s political projects ruin the legacy of his predecessors who succeeded in making Brazil a country with great power ambitions. Nonetheless, one cannot ignore adjustments in foreign policy of the Republic amidst developments in Ukraine in February 2022. Consequently, Brazil is likely to return to basics of its foreign policy in the near future. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Дипломатическая традиция Бразилии предполагает ее становление в качестве дер- жавы с глобальными интересами. Приход к власти правого консервативного политика из военных кругов Жаира Болсонару ознаменовал собой резкую смену внешнеполитического курса: наблюдается временный отказ от великодержавных амбиций в ущерб национальным интересам, что особенно проявилось в связи с пандемией коронавируса. В статье освещаются теории, оказавшие большое влияние на формирование внешней политики Бразилии, а также основные принципы ее дипломатии, закрепленные в базовых внеш- неполитических документах. Далее исследуется преломление этих принципов на практике при помощи та- ких методов как case-study и историко-сравнительный. Автор приходит к выводу, что большинство полити- ческих проектов Ж. Болсонару рушит наследие его предшественников, которые успешно поставили Брази- лию на путь страны с великодержавными амбициями. Тем не менее нельзя игнорировать наметившуюся корректировку внешнеполитического курса, которую ярко продемонстрировали политические шаги руковод- ства страны в связи с событиями в Украине в феврале 2022 г. Это позволяет полагать, что Бразилия может вернуться к концептуальным основам своей внешней политики в ближайшем будущем. (Russian) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Society: Philosophy, History, Culture is the property of LLC Publishing House 'HORS' and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Determinants of Iberian companies’ performance: corporate boards and the nonlinearity of gender diversity

Purpose>This paper aims to analyze the performance determinants of listed companies in the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on the analysis of the effect of gender diversity and the structure of the board of directors.Design/methodology/approach>To achieve this aim, the authors analyzed 97 listed companies, of which 23 are Portuguese and 74 are Spanish, between 2015 and 2019. The authors use Arellano and Bond’s (1991) generalized method of moments system model to test the hypotheses.Findings>The results show an important impact of corporate governance variables on corporate performance. Specifically, board size, average director age and board academic qualifications are crucial to explaining profitability and market value. Moreover, the authors identified a nonlinear relationship between gender diversity and profitability and market value levels due to critical mass theory and quotas that enhance more social justice. The authors concluded that the corporate performance determinants differ depending on the performance measures.Originality/value>To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the nonlinear effect of gender diversity and board structure (size, educational qualifications and average director age) on the performance of Iberian listed companies as a single market.

The development of corporate governance literature in Malaysia: a systematic literature review and research agenda

Purpose>This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on corporate governance (CG) aspects of the Malaysian market. It offers insights into the phases of Malaysian CG, identifies crucial gaps in the literature and outlines an agenda for impending research.Design/methodology/approach>Following a systematic literature review approach, a final sample of 125 studies from Scopus and Web of Science databases was used in this study. These studies were selected based on quality assessment criteria. Then, the sample literature was evaluated in terms of journals, methodology, theories, modelling, research outcomes and CG characteristics.Findings>The results show that there is a growing interest among researchers to further explore CG aspects in Malaysia due to the continuous development of the Malaysian CG codes. Likewise, the review reveals that the majority of prior studies are quantitative and were carried out using archived data from non-financial firms. Also, the existing literature has primarily focused on the outcomes of CG, especially firm performance.Research limitations/implications>Overall, the results show that there is ample room for future research. The present paper identifies a number of methodological problems and concerns, and discusses the implications of these problems, while also providing recommendations for future research. The main caveat is that the authors use scholarly papers published in academic journals only, but this approach offers them with opportunities for considerable further developments.Originality/value>To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study contributes to the literature by being the first of its kind to concentrate on the Malaysian context. It provides a comprehensive knowledge assessment of the Malaysian CG research and offers advice regarding improvements in research, policy and practice by identifying possible knowledge gaps. Consequently, this study provides a cohesive story of the past and a road map for future research on Malaysian CG.

The Vulnerability Effect that Wasn’t: Trade Dependence and Entry Bans on China at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic

In response to the outbreak of a new viral infection in the early weeks of 2020, some countries imposed strict entry restrictions on visitors from China, while others opted for less stringent measures. Among the explanations for such variation, this study is focused on the argument that a country’s economic dependence on China, particularly via trade, affected its decision. This economic vulnerability argument posits that countries highly dependent on China for trade avoided imposing a ban because it might have caused (1) primary economic losses from trade disruptions and (2) secondary economic losses from Chinese sanctions. I empirically test this argument using an original data set on entry restrictions on China. The findings do not support such a hypothesis. Using the nonconforming cases of Japan and South Korea, I speculate that country-specific factors, which tend to be idiosyncratic and political, may have played a role.

Influence Of Revenue Streams On Financial Sustainability: Evidence From Kenyan Public Universities

This paper discusses the influence of various revenue streams (government grants, student fees, internally generated revenue, and endowment trust funds) on the financial sustainability of Kenyan public universities from the perspective of resource dependency theory. A longitudinal survey research approach was used and the final sample consisted of 31 public chartered universities in Kenya that had operated continuously for more than five years as of 2015. Panel data were extracted from the annual financial statements of these universities and other secondary data sources for the period from 2015 to 2020. A random effects regression model was applied to determine the correlation between the different revenue streams and financial sustainability. This study found that both government grants and student fees have significant relationships with the current ratio. By contrast, internally generated revenue and endowment trust funds have insignificant relationships with the current ratio. Not only do this study's findings contribute to existing empirical literature, but the results will also be beneficial to multiple stakeholders, such as university management, stakeholders, and researchers.

GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS OF VACCINES (COVID-19) IN THE LIGHT OF DEPENDENCY THEORY

The COVID-19 global pandemic has led to a concentration of efforts to reduce the effects of contagion and mortality. Under this scenario, the Covax mechanism was created to guarantee equitable access to vaccines, since several international organizations have denounced the hoarding of 75% of vaccines by the ten highest income countries. Based on the above, this paper presents an analysis of the geopolitical dynamics regarding vaccines for COVID-19 based on Dependency Theory. To this end, the figures of production, distribution, acquisition and application of vaccines at the global level will be analyzed based on the main approaches of the Dependency Theory, in order to expose how, in the pandemic scenario, international inequalities are evidenced in areas other than the economic one. Preliminary findings lead to the conclusion that Dependency Theory provides key tools based on its center-periphery categorization and the scenarios of dependent development and limited autonomy. Thus, it is revealed as a relevant analytical framework for the study of geopolitical dynamics and international political economy in the context of global health.

Editorial Journalism and Environmental Issues in the Majority World

Prior research suggests that reliance on news media is dramatically increased during a public health crisis because people need more information to reduce their anxiety levels. This is an ideal situation for editorialists to influence the public policy-making process around certain social issues related to that health crisis, particularly if established by the scientific community. Drawing on media dependency theory and editorial journalism conceptual framework, we analyzed the editorial coverage of environmental issues in four leading majority world English language newspapers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest that in relation to advocating environmental issues, the editorialists either ignored linking environmental issues to the pandemic or, if they established a link, gave negligible coverage, hence seem to have failed to perform their normative role. Thus, we recommend that civic advocacy groups help build the news media capacity regarding how to cover environmental issues amid a pandemic © 2022. (Shafiq Ahmad Kamboh, Muhammad Ittefaq, and Muhammad Yousaf). Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd). Available at http://ijoc.org

Editorial

A product primarily of culture rather than economics, the story of Barovier and Toso – and the theoretical model that the authors bring to bear in explaining its success – is one that has meaning not just for this firm, but for family businesses more generally. [...]as noted by the authors of this insightful article – Patricia Loga (Massey University, New Zealand), Andrew Cardow (Massey University, New Zealand) and Andy Asquith (Curtin University, Australia) – this benign image is hardly reflective of Fiji’s troubled past. Since 1987, Fiji has experienced three coups, two undertaken by the military and the third associated with violent civil unrest. [...]independence in 1970, Britain ruled the country indirectly in ways that preserved traditional Fiji society and its system of tribal chiefs. [...]Britain encouraged the development of a large-scale commercial sugar industry, importing large numbers of workers from India to labor in the plantations.

Dependency Revisited: Ecuador’s (Re)Insertions into the International Division of Nature

Following the guiding thread of recent Ecuadorian economic history, a review of the attempts of several Latin American natural-resource-rich countries to climb the ladder of the international division of labor indicates that the construction of a particular perspective on development with the goal of reducing dependence on international commodity prices is nurtured by dependency theory and by the irruption of environmental thinking in development studies. The Ecuadorian state embarked upon the pursuit of a better position in the world economy mainly during its oil booms (1972–1981 and 2003–2014). Since the twilight of the last century, the state’s embrace of an official environmental discourse and growing social environmental awareness have increasingly held sway in development policy making, but the end of the most recent commodities cycle and the COVID-19 crisis have seen a highly indebted economy in which dependence on exports of natural resources and imports of manufactured products persists as the hallmark of a peripheral state.Alternate :Siguiendo el hilo conductor de la historia económica reciente de Ecuador, una revisión de los intentos de varios países latinoamericanos ricos en recursos naturales por ascender en la jerarquía de la división internacional del trabajo indica que la construcción de una perspectiva particular del desarrollo con el objetivo de reducir la dependencia de los precios internacionales de los productos básicos se nutre de la teoría de la dependencia y de la irrupción del pensamiento ambiental en los estudios del desarrollo. El estado ecuatoriano se lanzó a la búsqueda de una mejor posición en la economía mundial, principalmente durante sus auges petroleros (1972-1981 y 2003-2014). Desde el ocaso del siglo pasado, la adopción por parte del Estado de un discurso ambiental oficial y la creciente conciencia ambiental social han prevalecido cada vez más en la formulación de políticas de desarrollo, pero el final del ciclo de las materias primas más reciente y la crisis del COVID-19 han llevado a una economía muy endeudada en la que persiste la dependencia de las exportaciones de recursos naturales y la importación de productos manufacturados como sello de un estado periférico.

Media and interpersonal channels uses and preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of the United States, Thailand, and Croatia.

According to media systems dependency theory, increased dependence on media to meet individual needs is directly proportional to greater perceived media importance in one's life and subsequently stronger media effects on one's attitudes and behavior. This dependency relationship intensifies during times of uncertainty or crisis. Although several recent studies have focused on media dependence during health crises such as SARS and H1N1 influenza, insights from eastern countries may not be validated in other hemisphere. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to adopt a cross-cultural lens to examine how participants from three different continents used media during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, 860 adults completed a survey during April and May 2020. Participants were asked to provide demographic and socioeconomic details, followed by questions measuring their media consumption, channel preferences, motivations, and perception of their well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results revealed that national culture had a strong influence on media use and preferences during the COVID-19 crisis. For example, the US participants spent the most time using the media but scored the lowest on well-being. This aligns with the claim that in individualistic countries people rely on media more than on their social network. US participants also used the media for surveillance goals more than their Thai or Croatian counterparts. Another cultural difference was that Thai participants reported using the media to relax more than other nationalities, which reflects the Thai's "way of life" and can explain their higher score on well-being. Finally, there were cultural differences in the use of social media. While Croatian and Thai participants' use of social media reflected collectivistic tendencies (using social media for social interaction), among Americans, social media use reflects individualistic trends (using social media for surveillance). The study discusses limitations and suggestions for future research.